The Energy Charter Treaty (1994) | International Investment Agreements Navigator

International Investment Agreements Navigator

About

UNCTAD's Work Programme on International Investment Agreements (IIAs) actively assists policymakers, government officials and other IIA stakeholders to reform IIAs with a view to making them more conducive to sustainable development and inclusive growth.

International investment rulemaking is taking place at the bilateral, regional, interregional and multilateral levels. It requires policymakers, negotiators, civil society and other stakeholders to be well informed about foreign direct investment, international investment agreements (IIAs) and their impact on sustainable development.

Main goals of UNCTAD’s Work Programme on IIAs

• Reform the international investment agreements (IIAs) regime to enhance its sustainable development dimension,

• Provide comprehensive analysis on key issues arising from the complexity of the international investment regime,

• Develop a wide range of tools to support the formulation of more balanced international investment policies.

The three pillars of activities

• Research and policy analysis: monitoring trends, identifying key emerging issues and providing cutting-edge knowledge on IIAs from a sustainable development perspective,

• Technical assistance: delivering trainings, seminars and workshops; conducting IIA and model BIT reviews; offering ad-hoc advice to strengthen the capacity of beneficiaries in handling the complexities of the IIA regime,

• Intergovernmental consensus-building: exchanging and sharing best practices and experience with the view to fostering global investment governance.

For further information, please contact us via the online contact form.

IIA Navigator

This database of IIAs – the IIA Navigator – is maintained by UNCTAD’s IIA Section. You can browse through IIAs concluded by a particular country or country grouping, view recently concluded IIAs, or use the Advanced Treaty Search for sophisticated searches tailored to your needs.
Please cite as: UNCTAD, International Investment Agreements Navigator, available at https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/

IIA Mapping Project

The IIA Mapping Project is a collaborative initiative between UNCTAD and universities worldwide to map the content of IIAs. The resulting database serves as a tool to understand trends in IIA drafting, assess the prevalence of different policy approaches and identify treaty examples.

The “Mapping of IIA Content” allows browsing through the project results to date (the page is regularly updated as the new results come in).
Please cite as: UNCTAD, Mapping of IIA Content, available at https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/iia-mapping

For more information:
Mapping Project page
Project Description & Methodology document
Terminology
IIA Navigator

International investment agreements (IIAs) are divided into two types:
(1) bilateral investment treaties and (2) treaties with investment provisions.

A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is an agreement between two countries regarding promotion and protection of investments made by investors from respective countries in each other’s territory. The great majority of IIAs are BITs.

The category of treaties with investment provisions (TIPs) brings together various types of investment treaties that are not BITs. Three main types of TIPs can be distinguished:

1. broad economic treaties that include obligations commonly found in BITs (e.g. a free trade agreement with an investment chapter);

2. treaties with limited investment-related provisions (e.g. only those concerning establishment of investments or free transfer of investment-related funds); and

3. treaties that only contain “framework” clauses such as the ones on cooperation in the area of investment and/or for a mandate for future negotiations on investment issues.

In addition to IIAs, there also exists an open-ended category of investment-related instruments (IRIs). It encompasses various binding and not-binding instruments and includes, for example, model agreements and draft instruments, multilateral conventions on dispute settlement and arbitration rules, documents adopted by international organisations, and others.

IIA Mapping Project

Key concepts

- The mapping structure, displayed in the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab, is a “table of contents” that includes all of the mapped treaty elements. It corresponds to the typical structure of an IIA.

- The mapped treaty elements are elements of an investment treaty mapped in the course of the IIA Mapping Project. The number of mapped treaty elements exceeds 100. Each mapped treaty element has a set of pre-defined mapping options to choose from.

- The mapping options indicate the approach taken in the treaty to the relevant mapped treaty element. Mapping options can be of the “Yes/No” type or they can indicate the treaty approach more specifically (e.g. the type of fair and equitable treatment clause (FET) – qualified / unqualified / none etc.). Each mapped treaty element includes the “Inconclusive” and “Not applicable” options.

Search tips

“Select mapped treaty elements” tab:
- By default, the tab shows the highest-level headings within the mapping structure. Click on the relevant heading to expand individual sections, or click on the “Expand/Collapse All” button to see all mapped treaty elements.
- To generate a list of treaties that satisfy a certain option under a mapped treaty element, find the element in the mapping structure and select the desired option (e.g. Preamble / Reference to sustainable development / Yes).
- Once a selection is made, the list of treaties is updated automatically, so that only treaties that correspond to the selected option are listed (the resulting number of treaties appears in the orange bar above the listed treaties, which also displays the total number of mapped treaties, e.g. “43 out of 1437 mapped treaties”).
- If more than one option is selected under the same mapped treaty element, the system displays treaties that correspond to at least one of the options selected (i.e. results are combined). For example, a selection of “Type of FET clause”: “FET unqualified” and “FET qualified” will generate a list of mapped treaties that contain either type of clause.
- If more than one option is selected under different mapped treaty elements, the system displays only those treaties that correspond to all of the parameters/options selected. For example, a selection of “Type of FET clause”: “FET qualified” and “Type of MFN clause”: “Post-establishment” will generate a list of mapped treaties that fulfil both criteria at the same time.
“Filter by country, type, status, year” tab:
- To apply an additional filter or filters, click on the “Filter by country, type, status, year” tab, expand the relevant filter(s) and make a selection.
- Once a selection is made, the list of treaties is updated automatically, so that only treaties that correspond to the selected option are listed (the resulting number of treaties appears in the orange bar above the listed treaties, which also displays the total number of mapped treaties, e.g. “905 out of 1437 mapped treaties”).
- The additional filters under “Filter by country, type, status, year” can be used on their own or in combination with the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab (e.g. to generate a list of BITs in force concluded between 2005 and 2015 whose preambles contain a reference to sustainable development).
- If more than one option is selected under the same additional filter, the system displays treaties that correspond to at least one of the options selected (i.e. results are combined). For example, selecting “Argentina” and “Austria” in the “Country” filter will generate a list of mapped treaties signed either by Argentina or by Austria.
- If more than one option is selected under different additional filters, the system displays only those treaties that correspond to all of the filters/options selected. For example, selecting “BITs” in the “Type of agreement” filter and “In force” in the “Status” filter will generate a list of mapped treaties that fulfil both criteria at the same time.
Individual treaty mapping and text:
- To view the full mapping of any individual treaty listed, click on any individual treaty name in the “short title” column (opens in a new tab) and scroll down to the “Mapped treaty elements” (click “Expand / collapse all” to see all elements.
- The text of any treaty listed can be accessed through the link or links in the “Text” column (opens in a new tab).
- For additional information on any individual treaty, click on the treaty’s “Short title”.
“Expand/Collapse All” and “Clear selection” buttons:
- The respective buttons apply only to the tab that is currently active, i.e. the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab or the “Filter by country, type, status, year” tab. To apply a button in both tabs, click the button in the current tab, then switch to the other tabs and click the button again.
Methodology

Disclaimer

The IIA Navigator is continuously adjusted as a result of verification with, and comments from, UN Member States. It is primarily built on information provided by governments on a voluntary basis. A treaty is included in a country's IIA count once it is formally concluded; treaties whose negotiations have been concluded, but which have not been signed, are not counted. A treaty is excluded from the IIA count once its termination becomes effective, regardless of whether it continues to have legal effect for certain investments during its “survival” (“sunset”) period.

While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of its content, UNCTAD assumes no responsibility for eventual errors or omissions in these data. The information and texts included in the database serve a purely informative purpose and have no official or legal status. In the event of doubt regarding the content of the database, it is suggested that you contact the relevant government department of the State(s) concerned. Users are kindly asked to report agreements, errors or omissions by using the online contact form.

The IIA Mapping Project is a collaborative initiative between UNCTAD and universities worldwide to map the content of IIAs. Individual treaties are mapped by law students from participating universities, under the supervision of their professors and with the overall guidance and coordination of UNCTAD.

The mapping results included in the IIA Mapping Project database serve a purely informative purpose. The mapping of treaty provisions is not exhaustive, has no official or legal status, does not affect the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and is not intended to provide any authoritative or official legal interpretation.

While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, UNCTAD assumes no responsibility for eventual errors or omissions in the mapping data. In the event of doubt regarding the correctness of mapping results, users are kindly asked to contact us via the online contact form.

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The Energy Charter Treaty (1994)

The Energy Charter Treaty

Short title:

The Energy Charter Treaty (1994)

Parties

1. Energy Charter Treaty members

Treaty type

Treaties with Investment Provisions

Status

In force

Date of signature

17/12/1994

Date of entry into force

16/04/1998

Treaty full text

Treaty investment chapter text

IIA content

Not mapped

Facilitation content

Not mapped

Additional notes

The following Contracting Parties have notified their withdrawal from the Energy Charter Treaty, taking effect from:

- European Union and European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom): 28 June 2025

- Denmark: 4 September 2025

- France: 8 December 2023

- Germany: 20 December 2023

- Italy: 1 January 2016

- Lithuania: 8 August 2026

- Luxembourg: 17 June 2024

- Kingdom of the Netherlands: 28 June 2025

- Poland: 29 December 2023

- Portugal: 2 February 2025

- Slovenia: 14 October 2024

- Spain: 17 April 2025

- United Kingdom: 27 April 2025

The Russian Federation officially confirmed their intent not to be considered as Signatories to the Energy Charter Treaty on 17 April 2018.

Norway officially notified their intent not become a Contracting Party to the Energy Charter Treaty on 12 November 2024 (provisional application ceased on 10 January 2025).

More information on the agreement is available at the page of the International Energy Charter.

More information on the 3 December 2024 Amendments to the Energy Charter Treaty and the texts of amendments to its Annexes are available here.

The following Contracting Parties have declared that they will not apply the Amendments to the Energy Charter Treaty adopted on 3 December 2024: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Switzerland.

Amendment protocols

Date of signature	Date of entry into force	Files
03/12/2024		en \| fr \| es \| ru \| de

Side instruments

Date of signature	Date of entry into force	Files
01/02/2024	01/02/2025	en
19/12/2023	19/12/2023	en \| fr
28/12/2023	28/12/2023	en
16/06/2023	17/06/2024	fr
28/12/2022	29/12/2023	en
19/12/2022	20/12/2023	de \| pt
13/10/2023	14/10/2024	en
07/12/2022	08/12/2023	en
26/04/2024	27/04/2025	en
16/04/2024	17/04/2025	es
27/06/2024	28/06/2025	en
27/06/2024	28/06/2025	en
04/09/2024	04/09/2025	en
12/11/2024	10/01/2025	en
26/06/2024		en
07/08/2025

Relationships with other agreements

Type	Agreement
Coexists with	Afghanistan - Turkey BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Albania - Austria BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Albania - Azerbaijan BIT (2012)
Coexists with	Albania - Bosnia and Herzegovina BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Albania - Bulgaria BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Albania - Croatia BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Albania - Czech Republic BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Albania - Denmark BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Albania - Finland BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Albania - Greece BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Albania - Hungary BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Albania - Lithuania BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Albania - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Albania - Malta BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Albania - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Albania - Romania BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Albania - Sweden BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Albania - Switzerland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Albania - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Albania - Ukraine BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Armenia - Austria BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Armenia - Belarus BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Armenia - Bulgaria BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Armenia - Cyprus BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Armenia - Finland BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Armenia - Georgia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Armenia - Greece BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Armenia - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Armenia - Latvia BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Armenia - Lithuania BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Armenia - Romania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Armenia - Sweden BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Armenia - Switzerland BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Armenia - Tajikistan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Armenia - Turkmenistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Armenia - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Austria - Azerbaijan BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Austria - Hungary BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Austria - Belarus BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Croatia BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Austria - Bosnia and Herzegovina BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Austria - Bulgaria BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Austria - Czech Republic BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Austria - Estonia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Austria - Georgia BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Kazakhstan BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Austria - Turkey BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Austria - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Latvia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Austria - Lithuania BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Austria - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Malta BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Austria - Mongolia BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Montenegro BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Austria - Romania BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Turkey BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Austria - Uzbekistan BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Austria - Ukraine BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Austria - Slovakia BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Austria - Tajikistan BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Austria - Tajikistan BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Austria - Yemen BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Belarus BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Bulgaria BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Croatia BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Czech Republic BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Jordan BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Estonia BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Hungary BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Finland BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Georgia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Greece BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Kazakhstan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Latvia BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Lithuania BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2013)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Montenegro BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Romania BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Switzerland BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Ukraine BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Tajikistan BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Turkey BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Hungary BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Uzbekistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Belarus - Bulgaria BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Belarus - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Belarus - Croatia BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Belarus - Cyprus BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Belarus - Bosnia and Herzegovina BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Belarus - Czech Republic BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Belarus - Denmark BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Belarus - Estonia BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Belarus - Yemen BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Belarus - Finland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Belarus - Finland BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Belarus - Jordan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Belarus - Latvia BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Belarus - Lithuania BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Belarus - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Belarus - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Belarus - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Belarus - Mongolia BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Belarus - Romania BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Belarus - Slovakia BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Belarus - Turkey BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Belarus - Sweden BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Belarus - Switzerland BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Belarus - Tajikistan BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Croatia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Czech Republic BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Czech Republic BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Jordan BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Finland BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Denmark BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Greece BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Hungary BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Lithuania BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Romania BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Cyprus BIT (1987)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sweden BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Slovakia BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sweden BIT (1978)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Switzerland BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Turkey BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ukraine BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Croatia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Denmark BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Finland BIT (1984)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Finland BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Georgia BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Greece BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Kazakhstan BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Latvia BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Lithuania BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Malta BIT (1984)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Uzbekistan BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Mongolia BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Romania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Yemen BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Slovakia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Sweden BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Switzerland BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Turkey BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Croatia - Czech Republic BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Croatia - Denmark BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Croatia - Lithuania BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Croatia - Latvia BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Croatia - Finland BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Croatia - Greece BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Croatia - Jordan BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Croatia - Hungary BIT (1996)
Coexists with	CIS Investor Rights Convention (1997)
Coexists with	Croatia - Malta BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Croatia - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Croatia - Mongolia BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Finland - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Hungary BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Croatia - Romania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Croatia - Slovakia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Croatia - Sweden BIT (1978)
Coexists with	Croatia - Sweden BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Greece BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Croatia - Switzerland BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Croatia - Turkey BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Croatia - Ukraine BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Czech Republic BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Malta BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Montenegro BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Romania BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Denmark BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Estonia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Finland BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Georgia BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Uzbekistan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Finland - Lithuania BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Greece BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Finland - Latvia BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Hungary BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Ireland BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Estonia - Greece BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Jordan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Kazakhstan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Latvia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Lithuania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Georgia - Sweden BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Malta BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Mongolia BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Montenegro BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Romania BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Slovakia BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Slovakia BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Sweden BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Switzerland BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Denmark - Estonia BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Tajikistan BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Denmark - Hungary BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Turkey BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Denmark - Kyrgyzstan BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Denmark - Latvia BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Greece - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Romania BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Hungary - Yemen BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Denmark - Lithuania BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Greece - Turkey BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Greece - Slovakia BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Mongolia BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Estonia - Finland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Denmark - Mongolia BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Denmark - Montenegro BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Denmark - Romania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Denmark - Slovakia BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Denmark - Turkey BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Greece - Romania BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Denmark - Ukraine BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Estonia - Latvia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Finland - Kyrgyzstan BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Estonia - Lithuania BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Finland - Hungary BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Estonia - Moldova, Republic of BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Estonia - Sweden BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Estonia - Switzerland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Finland - Georgia BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Estonia - Turkey BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Estonia - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Finland - Kazakhstan BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Finland - Kazakhstan BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Finland - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Finland - Mongolia BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Finland - Montenegro BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Finland - Romania BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Finland - Slovakia BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Finland - Turkey BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Finland - Ukraine BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Finland - Uzbekistan BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Georgia - Greece BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Georgia - Kazakhstan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Georgia - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Georgia - Romania BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Georgia - Latvia BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Greece - Kazakhstan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Georgia - Lithuania BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Georgia - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Georgia - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Georgia - Turkmenistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Greece - Latvia BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Georgia - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Georgia - Uzbekistan BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Greece - Hungary BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Greece - Lithuania BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Greece - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Greece - Uzbekistan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Hungary - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Hungary - Jordan BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Hungary - Kazakhstan BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Hungary - Latvia BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Hungary - Lithuania BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Hungary - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Lithuania BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Hungary - Mongolia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Hungary - Romania BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Hungary - Uzbekistan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Hungary - Slovakia BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Hungary - Sweden BIT (1987)
Coexists with	Hungary - Switzerland BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Hungary - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Hungary - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Iceland - Latvia BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Iceland - Lithuania BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Japan - Mongolia BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Japan - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Japan - Uzbekistan BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Jordan - Yemen BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Jordan - Kazakhstan BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Latvia - Lithuania BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Latvia BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Jordan - Lithuania BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Malta - Turkey BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Sweden BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Jordan - Ukraine BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Jordan - Romania BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Jordan - Slovakia BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Jordan - Turkey BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Tajikistan BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Romania BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Jordan - Switzerland BIT (1976)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Uzbekistan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Sweden - Yemen BIT (1983)
Coexists with	Jordan - Switzerland BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Slovakia BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Latvia BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Turkey BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Lithuania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (2012)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Mongolia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Switzerland BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Switzerland - Tajikistan BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Ukraine BIT (1994)
Coexists with	North Macedonia - Ukraine BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Romania - Switzerland BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Romania BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Slovakia BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Turkey - Yemen BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Sweden BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Sweden - Uzbekistan BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Malta - Montenegro BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Turkey - Turkmenistan BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Sweden BIT (2004)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Montenegro BIT (2014)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Slovakia BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Switzerland BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Malta - Switzerland BIT (1965)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Switzerland BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Sweden BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Switzerland BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Romania BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Uzbekistan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Tajikistan BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Turkey BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Ukraine BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Switzerland BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Turkey - Uzbekistan BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Latvia - Moldova, Republic of BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Latvia - Romania BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Romania - Turkey BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Latvia - Slovakia BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Latvia - Sweden BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of - Montenegro BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Latvia - Switzerland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Latvia - Turkey BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Montenegro - Switzerland BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Latvia - Ukraine BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Latvia - Uzbekistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Sweden - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Romania - Sweden BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Uzbekistan BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Malta - Slovakia BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Malta - Sweden BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Switzerland BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Sweden - Turkey BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Tajikistan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Switzerland - Turkey BIT (1988)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Tajikistan - Turkey BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Romania - Uzbekistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Turkey BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Turkey BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Switzerland - Uzbekistan BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Switzerland - Turkmenistan BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Switzerland - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Turkmenistan BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Turkey - Ukraine BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Turkmenistan - Ukraine BIT (1998)
Coexists with	Tajikistan - Ukraine BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Mongolia BIT (2003)
Coexists with	Mongolia - Ukraine BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Romania - Turkmenistan BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Romania - Ukraine BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Romania - Slovakia BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Romania BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Ukraine - Uzbekistan BIT (1993)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Sweden BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Ukraine - Yemen BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Armenia - Kazakhstan BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Sweden BIT (1990)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Switzerland BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Tajikistan BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Turkey BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Tajikistan BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Turkey BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Tajikistan BIT (1999)
Coexists with	Tajikistan - Turkmenistan BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Japan - Kazakhstan BIT (2014)
Coexists with	Japan - Ukraine BIT (2015)
Coexists with	Armenia - Jordan BIT (2014)
Coexists with	Montenegro - Turkey BIT (2012)
Coexists with	Belarus - Belgium/Luxembourg BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Belgium/Luxembourg - Kyrgyzstan BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Belgium/Luxembourg - Tajikistan BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Belgium/Luxembourg - Turkmenistan BIT (1989)
Coexists with	Greece - Montenegro BIT (1997)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan - Romania BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Montenegro - Romania BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Montenegro - Slovakia BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Denmark - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic BIT (2015)
Coexists with	Austria - Kyrgyzstan BIT (2016)
Coexists with	Georgia - Turkey BIT (2016)
Coexists with	Azerbaijan - Turkmenistan BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Jordan - Turkey BIT (2016)
Coexists with	Moldova, Republic of - Turkey BIT (2016)
Coexists with	Armenia - Japan BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Belarus - Turkmenistan BIT (2015)
Coexists with	Albania - Cyprus BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Montenegro - Turkey FTA (2008)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Ukraine BIT (2007)
Coexists with	Kyrgyzstan - Turkey BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Belarus - Turkey BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Japan - Jordan BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Japan - Mongolia EPA (2015)
Coexists with	Albania - Turkey FTA (2006)
Coexists with	Macedonia - Turkey FTA (1999)
Coexists with	Estonia - Turkey FTA (1997)
Coexists with	Jordan - Turkey FTA (2009)
Coexists with	Ukraine - Türkiye FTA (2022)
Coexists with	Japan - Switzerland EPA (2009)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Turkey FTA (2002)
Coexists with	Georgia - Turkmenistan FTA (1996)
Coexists with	Tajikistan - Türkiye BIT (2024)
Coexists with	Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan BIT (2024)
Coexists with	Greece - Romania BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Estonia - Kazakhstan BIT (2011)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Montenegro BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Georgia - Switzerland BIT (2014)
Coexists with	Hungary - Kyrgyzstan BIT (2020)
Coexists with	Georgia - Japan BIT (2021)
Coexists with	Afghanistan - Tajikistan BIT (2014)
Coexists with	Bosnia and Herzegovina - Montenegro BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Belarus - Uzbekistan BIT (2019)
Coexists with	Turkey - Ukraine BIT (2017)
Coexists with	Afghanistan - Azerbaijan BIT (2017)
Coexists with	Tajikistan - Uzbekistan BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Turkmenistan - Uzbekistan BIT (1996)
Coexists with	Belarus - Georgia BIT (2017)
Coexists with	Georgia - Kyrgyzstan BIT (2016)
Coexists with	Turkey - Uzbekistan BIT (2017)
Coexists with	BLEU (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) - Yemen BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Bulgaria - Jordan BIT (2002)
Coexists with	Croatia - Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of BIT (1994)
Coexists with	Cyprus - Jordan BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Austria - Jordan BIT (2001)
Coexists with	Czech Republic - Yemen BIT (2008)
Coexists with	Estonia - Jordan BIT (2010)
Coexists with	Finland - Jordan BIT (2006)
Coexists with	Finland - Ukraine BIT (1992)
Coexists with	Greece - Jordan BIT (2005)
Coexists with	Romania - Turkey BIT (1991)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Turkey BIT (2000)
Coexists with	Slovakia - Uzbekistan BIT (1995)
Coexists with	Lithuania - Turkey BIT (2018)
Coexists with	Hungary - Tajikistan BIT (2017)
Coexists with	Estonia - Georgia BIT (2009)
Coexists with	Belarus - Hungary BIT (2019)
Coexists with	Hungary - Turkmenistan BIT (2023)
Coexists with	Georgia - Hungary BIT (2024)
Coexists with	EU - Kyrgyzstan EPCA (2024)
Coexists with	Armenia - EU CEPA (2017)
Coexists with	EU - Japan EPA (2018)

About

UNCTAD's Work Programme on International Investment Agreements (IIAs) actively assists policymakers, government officials and other IIA stakeholders to reform IIAs with a view to making them more conducive to sustainable development and inclusive growth.

International investment rulemaking is taking place at the bilateral, regional, interregional and multilateral levels. It requires policymakers, negotiators, civil society and other stakeholders to be well informed about foreign direct investment, international investment agreements (IIAs) and their impact on sustainable development.

Main goals of UNCTAD’s Work Programme on IIAs

• Reform the international investment agreements (IIAs) regime to enhance its sustainable development dimension,

• Provide comprehensive analysis on key issues arising from the complexity of the international investment regime,

• Develop a wide range of tools to support the formulation of more balanced international investment policies.

The three pillars of activities

• Research and policy analysis: monitoring trends, identifying key emerging issues and providing cutting-edge knowledge on IIAs from a sustainable development perspective,

• Technical assistance: delivering trainings, seminars and workshops; conducting IIA and model BIT reviews; offering ad-hoc advice to strengthen the capacity of beneficiaries in handling the complexities of the IIA regime,

• Intergovernmental consensus-building: exchanging and sharing best practices and experience with the view to fostering global investment governance.

For further information, please contact us via the online contact form.

IIA Navigator

This database of IIAs – the IIA Navigator – is maintained by UNCTAD’s IIA Section. You can browse through IIAs concluded by a particular country or country grouping, view recently concluded IIAs, or use the Advanced Treaty Search for sophisticated searches tailored to your needs.
Please cite as: UNCTAD, International Investment Agreements Navigator, available at https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/

IIA Mapping Project

The IIA Mapping Project is a collaborative initiative between UNCTAD and universities worldwide to map the content of IIAs. The resulting database serves as a tool to understand trends in IIA drafting, assess the prevalence of different policy approaches and identify treaty examples.

The “Mapping of IIA Content” allows browsing through the project results to date (the page is regularly updated as the new results come in).
Please cite as: UNCTAD, Mapping of IIA Content, available at https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/iia-mapping

For more information:
Mapping Project page
Project Description & Methodology document
Terminology
IIA Navigator

International investment agreements (IIAs) are divided into two types:
(1) bilateral investment treaties and (2) treaties with investment provisions.

A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is an agreement between two countries regarding promotion and protection of investments made by investors from respective countries in each other’s territory. The great majority of IIAs are BITs.

The category of treaties with investment provisions (TIPs) brings together various types of investment treaties that are not BITs. Three main types of TIPs can be distinguished:

1. broad economic treaties that include obligations commonly found in BITs (e.g. a free trade agreement with an investment chapter);

2. treaties with limited investment-related provisions (e.g. only those concerning establishment of investments or free transfer of investment-related funds); and

3. treaties that only contain “framework” clauses such as the ones on cooperation in the area of investment and/or for a mandate for future negotiations on investment issues.

In addition to IIAs, there also exists an open-ended category of investment-related instruments (IRIs). It encompasses various binding and not-binding instruments and includes, for example, model agreements and draft instruments, multilateral conventions on dispute settlement and arbitration rules, documents adopted by international organisations, and others.

IIA Mapping Project

Key concepts

- The mapping structure, displayed in the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab, is a “table of contents” that includes all of the mapped treaty elements. It corresponds to the typical structure of an IIA.

- The mapped treaty elements are elements of an investment treaty mapped in the course of the IIA Mapping Project. The number of mapped treaty elements exceeds 100. Each mapped treaty element has a set of pre-defined mapping options to choose from.

- The mapping options indicate the approach taken in the treaty to the relevant mapped treaty element. Mapping options can be of the “Yes/No” type or they can indicate the treaty approach more specifically (e.g. the type of fair and equitable treatment clause (FET) – qualified / unqualified / none etc.). Each mapped treaty element includes the “Inconclusive” and “Not applicable” options.

Search tips

“Select mapped treaty elements” tab:
- By default, the tab shows the highest-level headings within the mapping structure. Click on the relevant heading to expand individual sections, or click on the “Expand/Collapse All” button to see all mapped treaty elements.
- To generate a list of treaties that satisfy a certain option under a mapped treaty element, find the element in the mapping structure and select the desired option (e.g. Preamble / Reference to sustainable development / Yes).
- Once a selection is made, the list of treaties is updated automatically, so that only treaties that correspond to the selected option are listed (the resulting number of treaties appears in the orange bar above the listed treaties, which also displays the total number of mapped treaties, e.g. “43 out of 1437 mapped treaties”).
- If more than one option is selected under the same mapped treaty element, the system displays treaties that correspond to at least one of the options selected (i.e. results are combined). For example, a selection of “Type of FET clause”: “FET unqualified” and “FET qualified” will generate a list of mapped treaties that contain either type of clause.
- If more than one option is selected under different mapped treaty elements, the system displays only those treaties that correspond to all of the parameters/options selected. For example, a selection of “Type of FET clause”: “FET qualified” and “Type of MFN clause”: “Post-establishment” will generate a list of mapped treaties that fulfil both criteria at the same time.
“Filter by country, type, status, year” tab:
- To apply an additional filter or filters, click on the “Filter by country, type, status, year” tab, expand the relevant filter(s) and make a selection.
- Once a selection is made, the list of treaties is updated automatically, so that only treaties that correspond to the selected option are listed (the resulting number of treaties appears in the orange bar above the listed treaties, which also displays the total number of mapped treaties, e.g. “905 out of 1437 mapped treaties”).
- The additional filters under “Filter by country, type, status, year” can be used on their own or in combination with the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab (e.g. to generate a list of BITs in force concluded between 2005 and 2015 whose preambles contain a reference to sustainable development).
- If more than one option is selected under the same additional filter, the system displays treaties that correspond to at least one of the options selected (i.e. results are combined). For example, selecting “Argentina” and “Austria” in the “Country” filter will generate a list of mapped treaties signed either by Argentina or by Austria.
- If more than one option is selected under different additional filters, the system displays only those treaties that correspond to all of the filters/options selected. For example, selecting “BITs” in the “Type of agreement” filter and “In force” in the “Status” filter will generate a list of mapped treaties that fulfil both criteria at the same time.
Individual treaty mapping and text:
- To view the full mapping of any individual treaty listed, click on any individual treaty name in the “short title” column (opens in a new tab) and scroll down to the “Mapped treaty elements” (click “Expand / collapse all” to see all elements.
- The text of any treaty listed can be accessed through the link or links in the “Text” column (opens in a new tab).
- For additional information on any individual treaty, click on the treaty’s “Short title”.
“Expand/Collapse All” and “Clear selection” buttons:
- The respective buttons apply only to the tab that is currently active, i.e. the “Select mapped treaty elements” tab or the “Filter by country, type, status, year” tab. To apply a button in both tabs, click the button in the current tab, then switch to the other tabs and click the button again.
Methodology

Disclaimer

The IIA Navigator is continuously adjusted as a result of verification with, and comments from, UN Member States. It is primarily built on information provided by governments on a voluntary basis. A treaty is included in a country's IIA count once it is formally concluded; treaties whose negotiations have been concluded, but which have not been signed, are not counted. A treaty is excluded from the IIA count once its termination becomes effective, regardless of whether it continues to have legal effect for certain investments during its “survival” (“sunset”) period.

While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and completeness of its content, UNCTAD assumes no responsibility for eventual errors or omissions in these data. The information and texts included in the database serve a purely informative purpose and have no official or legal status. In the event of doubt regarding the content of the database, it is suggested that you contact the relevant government department of the State(s) concerned. Users are kindly asked to report agreements, errors or omissions by using the online contact form.

The IIA Mapping Project is a collaborative initiative between UNCTAD and universities worldwide to map the content of IIAs. Individual treaties are mapped by law students from participating universities, under the supervision of their professors and with the overall guidance and coordination of UNCTAD.

The mapping results included in the IIA Mapping Project database serve a purely informative purpose. The mapping of treaty provisions is not exhaustive, has no official or legal status, does not affect the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and is not intended to provide any authoritative or official legal interpretation.

While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, UNCTAD assumes no responsibility for eventual errors or omissions in the mapping data. In the event of doubt regarding the correctness of mapping results, users are kindly asked to contact us via the online contact form.

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Investment Policy Hub

International Investment Agreements Navigator

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)

Treaties with Investment Provisions (TIPs)

About

Terminology

IIA Navigator

IIA Mapping Project

Search tips

Methodology

Disclaimer

The Energy Charter Treaty

Amendment protocols

Side instruments

Relationships with other agreements

About

Terminology

IIA Navigator

IIA Mapping Project

Search tips

Methodology

Disclaimer

International Investment Agreements Navigator

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)

Treaties with Investment Provisions (TIPs)

About

Terminology

IIA Navigator

IIA Mapping Project

Search tips

Methodology

Disclaimer

Share

The Energy Charter Treaty

Amendment protocols

Side instruments

Relationships with other agreements

About

Terminology

IIA Navigator

IIA Mapping Project

Search tips

Methodology

Disclaimer

Share